1. In the “CaMKII overexpression and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle” section of the results section the authors wrote “?/?-CaMKII-transfection increased protein levels of ?- and ?-CaMKII isoforms at 50 and 60 kDa, respectively, compared to control-transfected SOL muscle (Figure 1A).” Which type of macromolecule was used for the transfection? (1 point)
2. How do you know that your answer to question 1 is correct? (1 point)
3. In general, what happened/happens between transfection and increased protein levels? (1 point)
4. In the “?- and ?-CaMKII co-overexpression shifts gene expression towards a fast phenotype with enhanced calcium handling” section of the results section the authors wrote “A larger fraction of CaMKII-transfected fibers expressed MHCII than non-transfected fibers.” Why was less MHCII expressed in non-transfected fibers? (1 point)
5. In the discussion section the authors wrote “In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not observe altered expression of mitochondrial protein(s) in ?/? CaMKII-transfected muscle fibers of rats housed under normal cage activity.” Was their hypothesis a null hypothesis or an alternate/alternative hypothesis? (1 point)
6. How do you know that your answer to question 5 is correct? (1 point)
7. In the “Technical considerations” section of the discussion section the authors wrote “This raises the hypothesis that an increase in sarcoplasmic calcium levels in injured muscle fibers enhances expression of the fast fiber type program, through a CaMKII-dependent mechanism.” Is this a null hypothesis or an alternate/alternative hypothesis? (1 point)
8. How do you know that your answer to question 7 is correct? (1 point)
9. In the “Technical considerations” section of the discussion section the authors wrote “Whether CaMKIV would have a similar function in skeletal muscle compared to CaMKII is questionable, since the two proteins have different substrate specificity and intracellular localization.” Based on this, what kind of protein is CaMKIV? (1 point)
10. Based on this article alone, how do you know that your answer to question 9 is correct? (1 point)
**reference**
https://bmcphysiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12899-014-0007-z
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